Elucidate the resurgence of ethno-nationalism from an anthropological lens.

(15 Marks) Anthropology Optional Paper CSE 2024

Introduction

Ethno-nationalism refers to a form of nationalism where the ethnic identity of a group becomes the basis for political mobilization, often emphasizing the distinctiveness and rights of the ethnic group within a state or region. In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of ethno-nationalism across the globe, driven by factors such as globalization, migration, and perceived threats to cultural identity. From an anthropological perspective, ethno-nationalism can be understood as a reaction to social, political, and economic changes, and a way for communities to assert their cultural sovereignty.

Main Body

Anthropological Understanding of Ethno-nationalism:

Ethnicity as a Social Construct: Anthropologists view ethnicity as a socially constructed identity, formed through shared language, culture, religion, or history. Ethno-nationalism emerges when ethnic groups mobilize these cultural markers to assert political rights or seek greater autonomy within or outside the framework of a nation-state.
Primordial vs. Instrumentalist Approaches: Anthropologists often debate between primordialism, which sees ethnic identity as deeply rooted and timeless, and instrumentalism, which argues that ethnic identities are politically constructed to achieve specific goals, such as statehood or access to resources.

Factors Driving the Resurgence of Ethno-nationalism:

Globalization and Cultural Insecurity:

The forces of globalization—economic integration, migration, and the spread of global culture—have triggered fears of cultural erosion. Communities turn to ethno-nationalism as a response to safeguard their traditions, languages, and cultural practices from homogenization.
Political Marginalization: Many ethnic groups feel politically marginalized in multi-ethnic states, where they are denied representation or control over resources. In such cases, ethno-nationalism serves as a political movement aimed at rectifying these grievances, as seen in movements like the Kurds in the

Middle East or Catalonia in Spain.

Historical Memory and Identity:

Anthropologists emphasize the role of collective memory in ethno-nationalism. Historical events, such as colonization, wars, or forced migrations, often become central narratives in the resurgence of ethno-nationalist movements, as these communities seek reparation or recognition of past injustices.

Case Studies in Ethno-nationalism:

Scotland and Catalonia: Both regions have experienced a resurgence of ethno-nationalism driven by historical identity and the desire for greater autonomy or independence. In Catalonia, cultural and linguistic differences have fueled demands for independence from Spain, while Scotland’s movement is tied to the preservation of its distinct legal and cultural traditions.

Indigenous Movements:

In countries like Canada and Australia, indigenous groups have adopted ethno-nationalism to fight for land rights and cultural preservation. Their movements focus on achieving self-determination and regaining control over ancestral territories.

South Asia: In India, ethno-nationalism has manifested in movements such as the Naga struggle for independence and the Gorkhaland movement. These groups seek autonomy based on ethnic distinctiveness and cultural identity, often citing historical marginalization by the central government.

Impact of Ethno-nationalism:

Political Fragmentation: The resurgence of ethno-nationalism can lead to political fragmentation within states, as ethnic groups push for regional autonomy, federalism, or even secession. This can challenge the stability of multi-ethnic nations, as seen in the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

Cultural Revitalization: On the positive side, ethno-nationalism often leads to the revitalization of cultural practices, languages, and traditions. Communities invest in preserving and promoting their cultural heritage, which strengthens group solidarity.

Conflict and Violence: In some cases, ethno-nationalism can fuel ethnic conflict or violence, particularly when groups compete over resources or political power. The Rwandan Genocide and the ongoing conflict in Myanmar with the Rohingya are tragic examples of how ethno-nationalism can exacerbate divisions and lead to violence.

Anthropological Critique:

Anthropologists critique ethno-nationalism for sometimes promoting exclusionary politics, where the focus on ethnic identity may marginalize minorities within the group or reinforce ethnic hierarchies. Additionally, ethno-nationalist movements can be manipulated by political elites for personal or group gain, detracting from the broader goals of social justice or inclusion.

Global vs. Local Dynamics: While ethno-nationalism is a local phenomenon rooted in specific historical and cultural contexts, it is increasingly influenced by global political trends. Anthropologists stress the need to examine how international politics, diaspora networks, and transnational identities contribute to the shaping of ethno-nationalist movements.

Conclusion

The resurgence of ethno-nationalism reflects deeper concerns about identity, cultural survival, and political autonomy in the face of global changes. From an anthropological perspective, it can be viewed as both a reaction to external pressures and a means of reclaiming sovereignty and cultural rights. However, while ethno-nationalism can promote cultural preservation and political empowerment, it also raises concerns about exclusion, conflict, and social fragmentation. A balanced understanding of its causes and consequences is essential for addressing the complex dynamics of ethno-nationalism in a globalized world.

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